初二上学期学的哪些词后面+doing,哪些+to do,什么时候用过去式复数

初二上学期学的哪些词后面+doing,哪些+to do,什么时候用过去式复数

这个很复杂,我说的不一定全,反正常用的就是下面这些：
一、不定式的基本形式: to＋动词原形,有时可以省略to.
二、 动词不定式的特点: （1）没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语.
（2）动词不定式仍保留动词的特点,可以有自己的宾语和状语.动词不定式同它的宾语或状语可构成动词不定式短语.如: to read a book; to sing at the party.
（3）动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,因此,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语.
三、动词不定式作宾语.即不定式直接跟在谓语动词后,是谓语动词涉及的直接对象.如果没有这个不定式,这个句子的意思就让人难以理解. 能直接带不定式作宾语的及物动词主要有: want, like , love , need , try , ask , learn , begin , start , forget , remember, hope , wish , agree, choose , fail , refuse , decide , afford , offer , make sure , take turns , would like , plan , hate , try one’s best 等.
四、动词不定式作宾语补足语. 能用动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有: ask , tell , get , order , would like , want , teach , show , allow , encourage , warn , wish , invite ,help等.
五、动词不定式作状语: 即不定式直接跟在谓语动词后,仅对谓语动词起一个补充说明的作用.如果没有它,句子仍然意思完整,它不象作宾语那样,与谓语动词有着密切的关系.（1）表示目的: The doctor came to operate on her. He has gone to town to do some shopping. I sat down to have a rest. He stopped to have a look. He rushed into the room to save the girl. The moved away the stone to let the traffic go. He got up to catch the train.
（2）表示结果: The girl cried only to make her mother angry.
（3）表示程度: She is too tired to walk any farther. She is strong enough to carry the heavy box.
（4）表示原因: I was surprised to read the news.
能带不定式作状语的形容词有: glad , happy , pleased , angry , clever , careful , surprised , lucky ,ready ,sorry, amazed , afraid ,sad , unhappy , sure , free ,kind, nice , worried , easy , hard
六、不定式作定语: 动词不定式作定语,一般要放在被修饰词的后面,不定式与所修饰的词构成动宾关系. We have lots of work to do. Would you like something to drink? I want to get something to read during my holiday. That’s a difficult question to answer.
【注意】如果动词不定式是不及物动词,后面就应有必要的介词. 如: He is looking for a room to live in. Give me a piece of paper to write on. He has nothing to worry about. There is not enough space to stand in on the earth.. She is a nice person to work with. a place to go to.
七、动词不定式作主语: 如 To learn a foreign language is not easy.
在现代英语中,常用it来作形式主语,而把真正的动词不定式主语放在后面.即句型:
“It is＋形容词＋for （ of） sb. to do sth.”中,当形容词是kind ,nice , good , clever , careful , careless , right , wrong , foolish 等表示人的性格特征时, 用of ; 如果形容词为difficult , easy , hard, important ,interesting, possible ,necessary 等表示事物的特征时, 用for. It is necessary / important / easy / hard/ possible for us to learn English well. It is very kind /nice / good of you to help me with my English.
※ 在句型: 主语＋find / think / feel / make +it +形容词+ to do sth.中,it为形式宾语.
I found it very important to learn English well. I think it easy to learn English well.
八、作表语: My job is to teach English. His wish is to become a scientist.
九、动词不定式和疑问词连用.动词不定式可以和疑问词what, which , how , when , where ,who 等连用,构成不定式短语,在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分.这时往往可以扩写成宾语从句; The question is how to use the computer.
I don’t know where to go for my holiday =I don’t know where I can go for my holiday.
He can’t decide which book to choose.= He can’t decide which book he can choose.
I don’t know what I should do next=I don’t know what to do next.
十、动词不定式的否定形式: not to＋动词原形
Tell him not to be late. I will try not to read in bed.
十一、动词不定式省略to的场合:（1）作动词let, make , have, feel ,hear, see , watch , notice 等的宾语补足语时,动词不定式不带to. Let him do the work. He made me work day and night. I saw him fall off the bike.
（2）作动词help的宾语补足语时,动词不定式可带to,也可不带to.
He didn’t help me（to）mend the bike. You have helped ( to ) protect our environment.
（3）在助动词和一些情态动词如will , would , shall , should , can , could , may , might , must , do , does , did , didn’t , don’t , doesn’t 等的后面,用动词原形,即动词不定式不带to.
Will you help me? He doesn’t live here. It might rain . You must finish your homework on time.
（4）在why not…? , had better , would rather 等的后面也跟不带to的动词不定式.（原形）
Why not buy a dictionary? You had better （not）stay at home. I would rather go early.
（5）在第二个不定式前一般不带to. I would like to lie down and go to sleep.
Do you want to eat now or wait till later?
※ 在下列答语中, to不能省略: －Will you join me in a walk?－I will be glad to.
－Will you go swimming with me this afternoon?－I would love to.
－Used he work in the factory?－Yes , he used to .
Exercises:
1. We must find a person （做这项工作）
2. In my family, my mother is always the first one （起床）
3. Do you have （什么问题要问）?
4. There are （许多重要事情要谈）
5. This book is （不容易理解）
6.He was too excited （说不出话来）
7. Do you think him easy （容易相处）?
8. You must get him （今晚顺便到这儿来）
9. It was not good （早晨起床晚）
10. It was a mistake （没有帮他学英语）
11. Her wish is （成为一名大学生）
12.What worries me is （在会上演说些什么）
13. It is our duty （保护家园）
14. I opened the door （让新鲜空气进来）
一、 习惯上只接动名词作宾语的动词
admit（承认）,advise（建议）,allow（允许）,anticipate（预料）,appreciate（感激）,avoid（避免）,consider（考虑）,defer（延期）,delay（推迟）,deny（否认）,detest（讨厌）,discuss（讨论）,dislike（不喜欢）,dread（担心）,enjoy（喜爱）,escape（逃脱）,excuse（原谅）,fancy（设想）,finish（完成）,forbid（禁止）,forgive（原谅）,imagine （想像）,keep（保持）,loathe（厌恶）,mention（提及）,mind（介意）,miss（没赶上）,pardon（原谅）,permit（允许）,practice（练习）,prevent（阻止）,prohibit（禁止）,propose（建议）,recollect（记得）,report（报告）,resent（愤恨）,resist（抵制）,risk（冒险）,stand（容忍）,stop（停止,阻止）,suggest（提议）,understand（理解）
二、接动名词或不定式作宾语且意义相差不大的动词
like（喜欢）,love（喜欢）,hate（憎恨）,prefer（宁可）,begin（开始）,start（开始）,continue（继续）,can’t bear（不能忍受）,bother（麻烦）,intend（想要）,cease（停止）
三、 接动名词或者不定式作宾语但意义不同的动词
接动名词或者不定式作宾语但意义不同的动词
1、remember(记得),forget(忘记),regret(后悔),stop（停止）
（1）后接不定式时指该不定式所表示的动作后发生.例如：
Remember to clean your room. 记得打扫房间.(还未打扫,先是remember,之后才clean)
He forgot to pay me the money. 他忘记要给我付钱了.(尚未付钱,forgot时还没pay)
He stopped to listen, but heard nothing. 他停下来听了听,但什么声音也没有听到.（先停后听）
（2）后接动名词时则指该动名词所表示的动作先发生.例如：
I remember cleaning the classroom. 我记得打扫了教室.(已打扫过)
He forgot paying me the money. 他忘记曾给我付过钱.(已付过钱了)
He stopped speaking. 他不讲话了.（先说后停）
（3）注意：go on to do sth 和go on doing sth 也有类似差别：前者表示做完某事后接着做另一事,后者表示继续做正在做的事.例如：
You shouldn’t go on living this way. 你不应该再这样生活下去了.(go on 后接doing通常被认为是现在分词而不是动名词)
Go on to do the other exercises after you have finished this one. 做完这个练习后, 请接着做其他的练习
2、try 后接不定式表示设法做某事,接动名词表示做某事试试(看有什么效果).例如：
I’ll try to come tomorrow. 我明天设法来.
Let’s try knocking at the back door. 咱们敲敲后门试试.
3、mean 后接不定式表示打算(想要)做某事,接动名词表示意味着(做某事,接动名词表示意味着要)做某事.例如：
He did not mean to hurt you. 他不是有意要伤害你.
This illness will mean going to hospital. 得了这种病就意味着要住院.
4、can’t help后接动名词表示禁不住做某事,接不定式表示不能帮助做某事.例如：
He couldn’t help crying when he heard the news. 他听到这个消息时禁不住哭了.
The medicine can’t help to get rid of your cold. 这药不能帮你治好感冒.
四、接“逻辑主语+动名词”结构的动词
接“逻辑主语+动名词”结构的动词
有些动词后接动名词作宾语时通常带有逻辑主语,构成“动词+名词/代词+动名词”或者“动词+物主形容词/名词所有格+动名词”的结构.此类动词通常有：dislike(或like的否定句),dread, fancy, mean, mind, involve, propose, recollect, remember, resent, save, stop, suggest, understand等.例如：
My father dislikes me/my working late. 我父亲不喜欢我工作到很晚.
He resented me/my being promoted before him. 他不满我先于他提升.
I don’t remember our teacher(’s) complaining. 我不记得老师曾抱怨过.
Do you mind his/him sitting here? 你介意他坐这儿吗?
excuse, forgive, pardon和prevent后除了可以用上述结构外,还可以接“代词+介词+动名词”的结构.例如：
Forgive my/me calling you up so early. 请原谅我这么早给你打电话.
Forgive me for calling you up so early. 请原谅我这么早给你打电话.
You can’t prevent his/him spending his own money. 你不能阻止他花他自己的钱.
You can’t prevent him from spending his own money. 你不能阻止他花他自己的钱.
五、 接不定式或者现在分词作宾补的动词
此类动词通常是see, hear, feel, smell, listen to, notice, watch等感官动词.我们一般用现在分词来表示正在进行的未完成的动作；用不定式表示已经完成的动作,经常性的动作,或非延续性的动作,此时的动词不定式在主动语态中不带to,在被动语态中必须带to.例如：
I saw him playing basketball on the playground. 我看见他在操场上打篮球.（正在打,部分过程）
I saw him play basketball on the playground. 我看见他在操场上打篮球.（打完球了,全过程；主动句,无to）
He was seen to play basketball on the playground. 有人看见他在操场上打篮球.（被动句,要带to）
I noticed him buy a pen in the shop. 我看见他在商店里买了一支笔.（buy为非延续性动词）
We often hear her sing in the classroom. 我们经常听见她在教室里唱歌.（经常性的动作）

what are you doing ? what is he doing ?